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8/2/2019 Craft Walk: Utilizing a GPSP Wall to Think about, Talk about, and Explore Diverse TextsRead NowCraft Walk: Utilizing a GPSP Wall to Think about, Talk about, and Explore Diverse TextsWhen we get in the car to drive somewhere unknown, one of the first things that we do is turn on our navigation system to guide us. When we make meaning of texts, whether it be musical, artistic, or literary, we also need navigation to assist with the meaning-making processes. A navigational system serves as a symbolic representation for the ways we move through texts to consider the medium, modes, genre, perspective, point of view, structure, and composer's purpose. What started as GPSP (genre, point of view/perspective, structure, and purpose) has now evolved into a much deeper practice, one that acknowledges the social, cultural, and psychological facets of meaning making and communicating. It recognizes that "text" cannot be perceived as a single entity. Text is "an articulation of a discourse" (Pahl & Roswell, 2012). Texts can be constructed in many forms that utilize a wide range of modes, genres, purposes, and structures. The ComposerWhen we analyze a text, it is important to start with the composer. Who is she or he? From where? With what life experiences? What cultural identities? What social identities? What mediums does this musician, author, or artist typically communicate through? What modes does this composer utilize? Learning about the person who composed the text assists us in recognizing biases, understanding the perspective through which information is being shared, and considering why the text was composed. All of this matters in order to draw conclusions about the purpose or message of a text.   Medium is the method in which we choose to communicate or express our ideas, thoughts, and beliefs. Medium refers to the final dissemination, or output of modes that have been coordinated and arranged to communicate a message. For example, paintings, sketches, collages, digital movies, digital presentations, essays, and speeches are all mediums. Each medium utilizes diverse modes, in order to communicate a larger message. The medium a composer chooses to communicate through impacts the modes we can expect to make meaning of. We can get children anticipating what modes we can expect based on the medium. Below are a few of the many mediums that our children interact with:  ModesTaken from the work of Kress (2010), mode refers to the channel of communication for a single unit of meaning. Each mode is a channel of communication and/or meaning making and is valued differently across social and cultural contexts. Examples of modes include color, font, positioning, sizing, and gestures, to name a few. Composers make deliberate decisions when they send messages, tell stories, or share information. The medium in which a composer is channeling the text through impacts the selected modes. This is important because children can make predictions about the modes we can expect within particular mediums. For example, if you are examining a photograph, we know we will want to pay close attention to spacing, sizing, and maybe gaze. If we are making meaning of a poem, we will want to pay attention to line breaks, the use of or lack of rhyme, and visual shape. It is important for our children to consider all of this and build semiotic awareness, or an awareness of the signs and symbols used to make meaning and communicate. Thinking about Modes Genres Artistic, musical, and literary genres are composed of elements and characteristics that shape the genre. We can flip through radio stations, notice the musical patterns, and determine the genre privileged on a specific station. Making these characteristics explicit for children is imperative. In the classroom, it is important to consider the characteristics present in the texts explored in class. This provides children a frame of reference to organize details from a particular text. Further, children can use their understanding of genre to make meaning of texts and to compose texts. "The most powerful way to teach any genre is to adopt a reading-writing approach, as both students and teachers must read the genre to write the genre and the skills just described will be developed much more effectively if a dual approach to poetry is adopted” (Concannon-Gibney, 2018, p. 431). In class, we utilized a genre wall. After every literary text that we read, we decided what genre it was based on the characteristics that were present. An example of this wall is below.  The use of "narrative nonfiction" can be substituted for literary nonfiction, biographical texts, or any other phrase you may choose. Additionally, some ay choose to use "Argumentative Texts" in place of "Persuasive." The point is that genre is something we can and should be talking about every day with every text we touch.
 When a text is composed, the author, artist, or musician makes structural decisions. The structure is the way the text is organized. In order to completely understand a text, we have to think about the macrostructure and microstructures. Macrostructure refers to the larger structure of the text. We zoom out and think about how the entire piece is organized. The microstructures are the smaller structures within a text. This could be a paragraph, section, or any other small portion of the text. Considering text structure at the macro and micro level assists with the consideration of the author's purpose.
 The purpose is the main reason or intent for composing a text. It is the why. In literary texts, an author’s purpose is reflected in the way an author writes about a topic or story. It is reflected in the choice of genre, point of view, structure, and language used. It is reflected in the way the author crafts the text. We use our knowledge of genre, point of view, perspective, and structure to draw conclusions about the purpose. In a literacy-rich classroom, children are making meaning of a range of texts every day. Each time opens an opportunity to explore and discuss the crafting of the text. Not only does this take children through crucial meaning-making processes, but it also allows them to transfer such processes and crafting techniques to their own compositions. The children in our school system will be required to make meaning and communicate in a variety of modes, in both local and global contexts (Kress, 2010; Serafini, 2014). If we as literacy educators acknowledge that meaning making and communicating are more than psychological tasks that take place within a fixed system of signs, then we are left with the question of how to provide children with the thinking patterns to engage in these meaning-making and communicative practices. Here's a file folder version to support children in thinking about author's craft every time they touch a text.  
ReferencesConcannon-Gibney, T. (2018). Immersing first graders in poetry: A genre study approach. The Reading Teacher, 72, 431-443.
Kress, G. (2010). Multimodality: A social semiotic approach to contemporary communication. London, UK: Routledge. Pahl, K. and Rowsell, J. (2012). Literacy and education (2nd ed.). London: Sage. Serafini, F. (2014). Reading the visual: An introduction to teaching multimodal literacy. New York: Teachers College Press.
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8/2/2019 WRAPCIS: Exploring the Processes and Behaviors of Meaning Making and CommunicatingRead NowWe pick up a book to satisfy curiosities, submerge ourselves into another world, feel better, or just experience reading. While many hours of research have been conducted, multiple instructional models developed, and countless theories constructed regarding best practices in reading instruction, many children are still falling short of state and national expectations. We know that assessments, in general, have a long way to go in order to be just and inclusive of all children. But, this just means that we have to work even harder to ensure that ALL children have access to teaching and learning that affords them opportunities to fall in love with literacy and language. Explicit instruction and opportunities to explore the cognitive and metacognitive processes and social practices should be at the core of instruction. If so, it is likely that reading skills, word strategies, and vocabulary development will naturally occur during literacy and language experiences. Utilizing an authentic approach may mean that teaching in isolation will become a thing of the past. Surface-level experiences with recall comprehension questions do not build proficient, analytical readers, ones who can utilize a critical eye to read the world around them and understand the way texts position them as citizens in the world. Therefore, we must go deeper to get children to a point of independence in critical thinking, meaning making, and communicating. This will ensure that they have the tools to independently complete the tasks we place in front of them and to engage in the thinking process and social behaviors the world beyond the classroom demands. In schools, expect students to analyze characters, synthesize information to build summaries, and draw conclusions from complex texts. Therefore, we must provide them with the appropriate tools and experiences to successfully engage in these processes. Educators know that meaning is not constructed or negotiated by merely reading the words on the page, and because there are many facets to reading, we struggle in determining where to put our energy. But, we have an ethical responsibility to put our energy into our children, placing them before state assessments, district demands, and textbook initiatives. For decades, research has continued highlighting the connection between explicit comprehension instruction and proficient readers (Baker & Brown, 1984; Dorn & Scoffos, 2005; Duke & Pearson, 2002; Keene & Zimmerman, 2007). To assist with explicit meaning-making instruction, I utilize the acronym WRPACIS.
      For those who have NOT spent a significant amount of time in my classroom, this acronym may seem like some tedious strategy to get children to write down their thinking as they read, or it may seem like another bookmark that kills the joy in reading. But, this is actually the opposite of that. This acronym was created to provide a strategy that privileges more than the psychological facets of meaning making, recognizing that meaning making is social, cultural, and psychological. The bookmark is a tool that gives all children access to the language that engages them in the processes of proficient readers. WRAPCIS is a toolbox with a repertoire of tools for children to utilize as they make meaning. With explicit instruction, modeling, and relevant literacy and language experiences, these processes become fluent, natural processes that occur when a child reads, ones that children don’t have to write down or share orally. Written annotations can, however, give us insight into the thinking that is taking place in children's minds. If we are going to ask children to annotate, we must use their annotations to guide our instruction. To assist with monitoring children's progress in utilizing a range of comprehension processes with diverse and increasingly complex texts, I have created a rubric to formatively assess comprehension. I hope this can be a useful tool for you, too. 
This blog series takes you through these processes. The hope is that teachers reading this can think about how they can make these processes explicit for the children they serve through modeling and coaching. As we model these processes with diverse texts and across a range of contexts, it affords children opportunities to observe and mirror the kinds of thinking needed to comprehend more complex texts and read them with a critical eye.
References
Baker, L., & Brown, A. L. (1984). Metacognitive skills and reading. In P.D. Pearson, R., Barr, M.L. Kamil &P.B. Mosenthal (Eds.). Handbook of reading research (Vol. 1, pp. 353-394). New York: Longman. Dorn, L. J. & Soffos, C. (2005). Teaching for deep comprehension: A reading workshop approach. Portland, ME: Stenhouse. Duke, N.K. & Pearson, D. (2002). “Effective Practices for Developing Reading Comprehension.” In A.E. Farstrup & S.J. Samuels (Eds.). What Research Has To Say About Reading Instruction (3rd ed., pp. 205–242). Newark, DE: International Reading Association. Keene, E. O., & Zimmermann, S. (2007). Mosaic of thought: Teaching comprehension in a reader’s workshop. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. |
Whitney LawrenceThis blog shares instances from my own classroom and thinking about democratic practices in the classroom.
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